Encontro com Especialistas - Cuidado Seguro de RN e crianças

Encontro com as Especialistas Roseli Calil, médica neonatologista da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp); Eduarda Ribeiro dos Santos, enfermeira e advogada, docente na Faculdade Israelita Albert Einstein; Aline Hennemann, enfermeira especialista na área materno infantil, assessora da CACRIAD/DGCI/SAPS/MS; e Zeni Lamy, médica neonatologista da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA).

La objeción de conciencia en el ámbito sanitario: un equilibrio entre derechos y deberes / L’objecció de consciència en l'àmbit sanitari: un equilibri entre drets i deures / Conscientious objection in the healthcare domain: A balance between rights and responsibilities

La entrada en vigor de la Ley Orgánica 3/2021 sobre eutanasia en España (2021), ha propiciado un debate de relevancia en el ámbito de la bioética, como es el de la objeción de conciencia (OC) de los profesionales de la salud. Ahora bien, a pesar de que la literatura científica ha abordado esta cuestión, lo cierto es que la comprensión de los motivos subyacentes que impulsan a los profesionales a objetar no está del todo clara. Diversos autores han destacado que la OC halla sus fundamentos en creencias personales, ética profesional, aspectos emocionales y dinámicas del propio sistema. A su vez, se ha observado cómo hay posiciones diversas sobre la legitimidad de la OC, generando debates sobre su validez.Los objetivos de este artículo son revisar el concepto objeción de conciencia en el ámbito sanitario; analizar los factores que motivan este derecho; examinar las consecuencias de la OC en la carga asistencial de los profesionales no objetores; y explorar su posible conflicto ético con la justicia distributiva en la atención sanitaria. Por último, se reflexionará sobre la posibilidad de la OC institucional y sus posibles consecuencias en los derechos de pacientes y trabajadores.(AU)

L'entrada en vigor de la Llei Orgànica 3/2021 sobre l'eutanàsia a Espanya (2021) ha suscitat un debat rellevant en l'àmbit de la bioètica, com és el de l’objecció de consciència(OC) dels professionals de la salut. Tanmateix, malgrat que la literatura científica ha abordat aquesta qüestió, és cert que la comprensió dels motius subjacents que impulsen els professionals a objectar no està del tot clara. Diversos autors han destacatque l’OC troba els seus fonaments en creences personals, ètica professional, aspectes emocionals i dinàmiques del propi sistema. Al seu torn, s'ha observat com hi ha posicions diverses sobre la legitimitat de l’OC, generant debats sobre la seva validesa. Els objectius d'aquest article són revisar el concepte d’objecció de consciència en l'àmbit sanitari; analitzar els factors que motiven aquest dret; examinar les repercussions de l’OC en la càrrega assistencial dels professionals no objectors; i explorar el seu possible conflicte ètic amb la justícia distributiva en l'atenció sanitària. Finalment, es reflexionarà sobre la possibilitat de l’OC institucional i les seves possibles repercussions en els drets dels pacients i treballadors.(AU)

The enactment of Organic Law 3/2021 on euthanasia in Spain has sparked a significant debate in the field of bioethics, namely the issue of conscientious objection (CO) among healthcare professionals. However, despite the scientific literature addressing this matter, the understanding of the underlying reasons that drive professionals to object is not entirely clear. Several authors have highlighted that CO is rooted in personal beliefs, professional ethics, emotional aspects, and dynamics within the healthcare system. Simultaneously, there have been varying stances on the legitimacy of CO, leading to debates regarding its validity.The objectives of this article are to review the concept of conscientious objection in the healthcare context, analyze the factors motivating this right, examine the consequences of CO on the workload of non-objecting professionals, and explore its potential ethical conflict with distributive justice in healthcare. Finally, we will reflect on the possibility of institutional CO and its potential implications for the rights of patients and healthcare workers.(AU)

An Evaluation on the Attitude Toward Using Patient Rights and Satisfaction Levels in Emergency Department Patients.

INTRODUCTION: In emergency health care services, patient satisfaction is one of the fundamental indicators of quality emergency care, making it essential to identify factors that can impact this component of care. This study aimed to determine emergency service patients' attitudes toward using patient rights, their satisfaction levels with emergency service, and related factors. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted with 382 patients who presented to the emergency department between November 2022 and March 2023. Data were collected using the Patient Description Form, the Emergency Department Patient Satisfaction Scale, and the Scale of Patient Rights Using Attitude. The study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for reporting. RESULTS: The mean score of the Emergency Department Patient Satisfaction Scale was 53.88 ± 6.88 (minimum score, 30; maximum score, 68), and the mean score of the Scale of Patient Rights Using Attitude was 108.89 ± 11.90 (minimum score, 73; maximum score, 135). As a result of the regression analysis, it was found that the Scale of Patient Rights Using Attitude scores and frequency of ED visits significantly contributed to the Emergency Department Patient Satisfaction Scale scores. Younger patients who had higher educational status presented to the emergency department more frequently and had chronic diseases were associated with positive attitudes about using patient rights and had higher levels of ED patient satisfaction (P < .001). DISCUSSION: The study has provided valuable information for assessing the attitudes of ED patients toward exercising their patient rights and their satisfaction levels. Respect for patient rights and their effective utilization by patients can enhance the quality of ED services and increase patient satisfaction.

Castilla del Pino: un faro indispensable para navegantes de lo mental / Castilla del Pino: An Essential Lighthouse for Navigators of the Mental

Castilla del Pino ejerció un indudable liderazgo intelectual sobre varias generacio-nes de españoles en el último tercio del siglo XX, y de forma particular ejerció su función de intelectual aplicado a la práctica clínica de lo mental. Esta tarea constituyó un verdadero ma-gisterio para los profesionales interesados en prácticas clínicas rigurosas, respetuosas con la dignidad y los derechos de los pacientes. En este trabajo se revisan algunas de sus principa-les aportaciones como intelectual a la práctica psiquiátrica y la psicoterapia. Específicamen-te, se abordan sus contribuciones al estudio de la influencia de la ideología en la psicoterapia y la ideología de la locura y su impacto en la práctica psiquiátrica en contexto hospitalario. Sus observaciones y recomendaciones significan una magnífica guía para el ejercicio de la observación rigurosa, la reflexión y el pensamiento crítico frente al dogmatismo. (AU)

Castilla del Pino was an undoubted intellectual leader over several generations of Spaniards in the last third of the 20th century. He specifically played this role as an intellectual in the field of the mental health practice. This task constituted a true teaching for professionals interested in rigorous clinical practices, respectful of the dignity and rights of patients. This paper reviews some of his main contributions as an intellectual to psychiatric practice and psychotherapy. It specifically addresses his contributions to the study of the influence of ideology in psychotherapy, as well as the ideology of madness and its impact on psychiatric practice in a hospital context. His observations and recom-mendations are an excellent guide to the exercise of rigorous observation, reflection and critical thinking facing any dogmatism. (AU)

Despenalización de la eutanasia en Bélgica: un perfil de veinte años e implicaciones deontológicas / Legalització de l'eutanàsia a Bèlgica: un perfil de vint anys i implicacions ètiques / Decriminalization of euthanasia in Belgium: Aprofile of twenty years and deontological implications

El artículo pone en contexto las estadísticas de veinte años desde la despenalización de la eutanasia en Bélgica. En esta reconstrucción se analizan los aspectos centrales de la política, tales como su carácter democrático y la protección de la objeción de conciencia. A menudo discutido de forma aislada, este artículo plantea el fin de vida voluntario como parte de un programa paliativo que, a su vez, integra una visión más amplia, como se refleja en el paquete de regulaciones del año 2002. Además de delinear ciertas consecuencias deontológicas, entre otras, el artículo subraya el carácter excepcional de la eutanasia, limitándose a casos debidamente calificados de sufrimiento físico o psíquico, pero que de manera significativa reivindica el respecto de la autonomía de la persona. Con todo, el artículo invita a considerar códigos morales múltiples de cara a uno de los pocos eventos de los que tenemos certeza: la muerte.(AU)

L'article posa en context les estadístiques de vint anys des de la despenalització de l'eutanàsia a Bèlgica. En aquesta reconstrucció s'analitzen els aspectes centrals de la política, com el seu caràcter democràtic i la protecció de l'objecció de consciència. Sovint discutit de forma aïllada, aquest article planteja la fi de vida voluntària com a part d'un programa pal·liatiu que, al seu torn, integra una visió més àmplia, com es reflecteix en el paquet de regulacions de l'any 2002. A més de delinear certes conseqüències deontològiques, entre d'altres, l'article subratlla el caràcter excepcional de l'eutanàsia, limitant-se a casos degudament qualificats de patiment físic o psíquic, però que de manera significativa reivindica el respecte de l'autonomia de la persona. Amb tot, l'article convida a considerar codis morals múltiples de cara a un dels pocs esdeveniments dels quals tenim certesa: la mort.(AU)

The article brings into context the statistics of twenty years since the decriminalization of euthanasia in Belgium. In reconstructing this process, the central aspects of the policy are analysed, such as its democratic nature and the protection of conscientious objection. Often discussed in isolation, this article considers voluntary end of life as part of a palliative program that, in turn, integrates a broader vision, as reflected in the 2002 package of regulations. In addition to outlining some of its consequences, deontological and otherwise, the article underlines the exceptional use of euthanasia, limited to duly qualified cases of physical or mental suffering, but that it also significantly increases respect for the autonomy of the person. All in all, the article invites us to consider multiple moral codes in the face of one of the few events of which we are certain: death.(AU)

Do consentimento informado à tomada de decisão compartilhada e a urgência de sua implementação no contexto brasileiro / Del consentimiento informado a la toma de decisiones compartida y la urgencia de su implementación en el contexto brasileño / Del consentiment informat a la presa de decisions compartides i la urgència de la seva implementació en el context brasiler / From informed consent to shared decision making and the urgency of its implementation in Braziliancontext

O presente artigo expõe um panorama geral da Tomada de Decisão Compartilhada (TDC), considerada cada vez mais como a melhor forma para envolver os pacientes no processo de decisão sobre seus cuidados em saúde. Contudo, a despeito do amplo reconhecimento internacional, a TDC ainda não se encontra amplamente implementada na prática clínica brasileira, sendo o consentimento informado o modelo de tomada de decisão mais comumente adotado pelos profissionais de saúde. Assim, este trabalho, após esclarecer as definições em torno da TDC, apresenta instrumentos para sua aplicação e as razões pelas quais essa nova forma de tomar decisões deve ser preferível ao consentimento informado.(AU)

L'actual article exposa una visió general de la Presa de Decisions Compartides (PDC), cada vegada més considerada com la millor manera d'involucrar els pacients en el procés de decisió sobre la seva cura sanitària. No obstant això, malgrat el reconeixement internacional ampli, la PDC encara no està àmpliament implementada en la pràctica clínica brasilera, essent el consentiment informat el model de presa de decisions més comunament adoptatpels professionals de la salut. Així, aquest treball, després de clarificar les definicions al voltant de la PDC, presenta instruments per a la seva aplicació i les raons per les quals aquesta nova forma de prendre decisions ha de ser preferible al consentiment informat.(AU)

Este artículo presenta una visión general de la Toma de Decisiones Compartida (TDC), considerada cada vez más como la mejor manera de involucrar a los pacientes en el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre su atencion de salud. Sin embargo, a pesar del amplio reconocimiento internacional, la TDC aún no está ampliamente implementada en la práctica clínica brasileña, siendo el consentimiento informado el modelo de toma de decisiones más comúnmente adoptado por los profesionales de la salud. Así, este trabajo, tras aclarar las definiciones en torno a la TDC, presenta instrumentos para su aplicación y las razones por las que esta nueva forma de tomar decisiones debe ser preferible al consentimiento informado.(AU)

This article presents an overview of Shared Decision Making (SDM), increasingly considered the best way to involve patients in the decision-making process about their health care. However, despite wide international recognition, SDM is still not widely implemented in brazilian clinical practice, with informed consent being the decision-making model most commonly adopted by health professionals. Thus, this work, after clarifying the definitions around SDM, presents instruments for its application and the reasons why this new way of making decisions should be preferable to informed consent.(AU)

La inteligencia artificial en la prevención de conductas suicidas: aspectos técnicos y consideraciones ético-legales / La intelligència artificial en la prevenció de conductes suïcides: aspectes tècnics i consideracions ètico-legals / Artificial intelligence in the prevention of suicidal behaviour: Technical aspects and ethical-legal considerations

En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la potencialidad terapéutica de los nuevos desarrollos de la Inteligencia Artificial en el ámbito de la salud mental, en particular en la prevención de conductas suicidas. En primer lugar, analizamos los aspectos tecno-científicos más relevantes del Machine Learning en el entorno de las Redes Sociales, las aplicaciones móviles y los chatbots, así como las ventajas e inconvenientes de esta nueva Psiquiatría Computacional. A continuación, consideramos los límites y dificultades en el uso de estas tecnologías desde una perspectiva ética, además del marco legal para que estas aplicaciones preventivas sean garantistas en lo que a eficacia, seguridad, privacidad, transparencia, responsabilidad y equidad se refiere. Si bien las amenazas son considerables, concluimos que con una correcta identificación y gestión de las mismas el alcance terapéutico de estas herramientas se antoja alentador.(AU)

En aquest article reflexionem sobre la potencialitat terapèutica dels nous desenvolupaments de la Intel·ligència Artificial en l'àmbit de la salut mental, especialment en la prevenció de conductes suïcides. En primer lloc, analitzem els aspectes tecno-científics més rellevants de l'Aprenentatge Automàtic en l'entorn de les Xarxes Socials, les aplicacions mòbils i els chatbots, així com els avantatges i inconvenients d'aquesta nova Psiquiatria Computacional. A continuació, considerem els límits i les dificultats en l'ús d'aquestes tecnologies des d'una perspectiva ètica, a més del marc legal perquè aquestes aplicacions preventives siguin garantistes en qüestions d'eficàcia, seguretat, privadesa, transparència, responsabilitat i equitat. Toti que les amenaces són considerables, concloem que amb una correcta identificació i gestió d'aquestes, el potencial terapèutic d'aquestes eines sembla prometedor.(AU)

In this article we reflect on the therapeutic potential of the new developments of Artificial Intelligence in the field of mental health, particularly in the prevention of suicidal behavior. First, we analyze the most relevant techno-scientific aspects of Machine Learning in the environment of Social Networks, mobile applications and chatbots, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this new computational psychiatry. Next, we consider the limits and difficulties in the use of these technologies from an ethical perspective, in addition to the legal framework so that these preventive applications are guarantees in terms of efficacy, security, privacy, transparency, responsibility and fairness. Although the threats are considerable, we conclude that with proper identification and management of them, the therapeutic scope of these tools seems encouraging.(AU)

Ethical and Legal Considerations for Sterilization Refusal in Nulliparous Women.

We address the ethical and legal considerations for elective tubal sterilization in young, nulliparous women in Canada, with comparison with the United States and the United Kingdom. Professional guidelines recommend that age and parity should not be obstacles for receiving elective permanent contraception; however, many physicians hesitate to provide this procedure to young women because of the permanence of the procedure and the speculative possibility of regret. At the practice level, this means that there are barriers for young women to access elective sterilization; they are questioned or not taken seriously, or their desire for sterilization is more generally belittled by health care professionals. This article argues for further consideration of these requests and considers the ethical and legal issues that arise when preventing regret is prioritized over autonomy in medical practice. In Canada, there is a paucity of professional guidelines and articles offering practical considerations for handling such requests. Compared with the U.S. and U.K. policy contexts, we propose a patient-centered approach for practice to address requests for tubal sterilization that prioritizes informed consent and respect for patient autonomy. We ultimately aim to assure physicians that when the conditions of informed consent are met and documented, they practice within the limits of the law and in line with best ethical practice by respecting their patients' choice of contraceptive interventions and by ensuring their access to care.

[Some aspects of ensuring patients' rights and accessibility of medical care in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia].

The article devoted to ensuring the rights of patients and the availability of medical care in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia notes the experience of creating an institute of independent ombudsmen who plays an important role in this issue. Basically, in these countries, the choice of a medical organization and a doctor is possible, and in Belgium the right to choose an insurance organization is granted. Patients in these countries are given the right to control the process of providing them with medical care, including its payment and joint decision-making with the doctor on treatment tactics. The State also ensures the patient's right to receive preventive and restorative services provided to children free of charge, and compensated for adults in 80% of cases. It is impossible not to recognize the high percentage of citizens of these countries, reaching 98%, satisfied with the medical services provided to them. However, in some countries there is an imbalance in the availability of medical care, which is expressed by high availability of family doctor services and low availability of specialist services, as in Estonia. Nevertheless, this does not cause an increase in the level of corruption in the medical spheres of these countries, which is below the European average. According to the totality of indicators of the availability of medical care, Germany is the leader among the analyzed countries.

"Green informed consent" in the classroom, clinic, and consultation room.

The carbon emissions of global health care activities make up 4-5% of total world emissions, placing it on par with the food sector. Carbon emissions are particularly relevant for health care because of climate change health hazards. Doctors and health care professionals must connect their health care delivery with carbon emissions and minimize resource use when possible as a part of their obligation to do no harm. Given that reducing carbon is a global ethical priority, the informed consent process in health care delivery must change. I argue that the expanded role of bioethicists in this climate crisis is to promote and support "green informed consent:" the sharing of climate information with patients, offering options for lower-carbon health care, and accepting the patient's right to decline treatments which are deemed too carbon intensive for their values.

Evolución de la deontología española (1978-2022) qué ha cambiado en los últimos 40 años? / Evolution of spanish deontology (1978-2022). What has changed in the last 40 years?

El artículo repasa la evolución de la deontología de la Organización Médica Colegial a través de cómo se ha plasmado en los Códigos de Deontología aprobados por esta institución. Tras una aproximación al espíritu y contenidos del primer Código de Deontología de 1978, nacido tras la Constitución Española, aprobada ese mismo año, que estableció el reconocimiento y la necesidad de regular los colegios profesionales y el ejerci cio de los profesionales titulados. Se compara Código de 1978 con el recientemente aprobado en diciembre del 2022, utilizando como puente el segundo Código de 1990. En la comparación encontramos muchas cuestiones bioéticas sobre las que, a través de las últimas décadas, se ha reflexionado y se han introducido respuestas que responden a los numerosos cambios sociales y tecnológicos que se han producido. Se hace es pecial referencia al concepto de respeto, plasmado en la relación entre el médico y el paciente. Se trata de una relación que, con frecuencia, no es simétrica porque quien sufre puede sentir o soportar una extrema vulnerabilidad. Se reflexiona también sobre la evolución de temas relevantes o que pueden plantear más controversias, como el respeto a la vida inicial y final. La síntesis del actual Código de Deontología médica de 2022 se puede hacer en tres palabras: Respeto y Derechos Humanos (AU)

The article reviews the evolution of the deontology of the Spanish Medical Organization through how it has been reflected in the diverse codes of deontology approved by this institution. After an approxima tion to the spirit and contents of the first Code of ethics approved in 1978, born after the Spanish Cons titution, passed that same year, which established the recognition and the need to regulate professional associations and the exercise of qualified professionals. The 1978 Code is compared with the one recently approved in December 2022, using the second 1990 Code as a bridge. In the comparison we find many bioethical issues on which, through the last decades, reflections have been made and answers have been introduced that respond to the many social and technological changes that have occurred. Special referen ce is made to the concept of respect, embodied in the relationship between the doctor and the patient. It is a relationship that is often not symmetrical because the sufferer may feel or endure extreme vulnerability. The article also reflects on the evolution of relevant issues or those that may raise more controversies, such as respect for initial and final life. The synthesis of the current 2022 Code of Medical Ethics can be done in three words: Respect and Human Rights (AU)

Proceso de elaboración y novedades del código de deontología médica español 2022 / Process of elaboration and new issues of the spanish code of medical deontology 2022

El artículo describe el proceso de elaboración del nuevo Código español de Deontología Médica apro bado por la Asamblea General del Consejo General de Colegios de Médicos de España en diciembre de 2022. Se analizan los motivos para la actualización de las normas deontológicas, los trabajos llevados a cabo, los principios seguidos en el desarrollo del Código, y las novedades más relevantes introducidas (AU)

This article describes the elaboration process of the new Spanish Code of Medical Deontology ap proved by the General Assembly of the General Council of Medical Colleges of Spain in December 2022. The reasons for updating the deontological rules, the works carried out, the principles followed in the development of the Code and the most relevant new rules are described (AU)

El nuevo código de deontología (2022) y sus principios generales / The new code of medical ethics (2022) and its general principles pilar

El artículo describe y analiza los Principios Generales del Código de Deontología Médica de 2022 que están recogidos en los artículos 4 a 6 del capítulo segundo. Los Principios Generales permiten comprender e interpretar el conjunto de preceptos y recomendaciones del Código, por lo que el estu dio de estos artículos tiene especial relevancia. Además, se contextualizan relacionándolos con otros documentos internacionales ético-deontológicos actuales. También revisaremos cómo se prolongan en el amplio articulado del nuevo Código. Observaremos que hay una clara relación entre los Principios Generales del nuevo Código respecto a Códigos de Deontología de la Organización Médica Colegial anteriores, lo cual es lógico puesto que reúnen valores permanentes de la ética médica. Se propone que el médico está al servicio del ser humano y de la sociedad y tiene como deberes primordiales, el respeto a la vida humana, a la dignidad de la persona, así como el cuidado de la salud del individuo y de la comunidad (Artículo 4.1) (AU)

The article describes and analyses the General Principles of the 2022 Code of Medical Ethics that are included in the articles 4 to 6 of the second chapter. The General Principles make it possible to understand and interpret the set of precepts and recommendations of the code, for which reason the study of this second chapter is of special relevance. In addition, I contextualize General Principles by relating them to other current international ethical-deontological documents. We will also review how they are extended in the broad articles of the new code. We will observe that there is a clear relationship between the General Principles of the new code with respect to previous Spanish Medical Codes, which is logical since they gather permanent values of Medical Ethics. In the General Principles is proposed that each doctor is at the service of the human being and of society and has as primary duties, respect for human life, dignity of each person, as well as the health care of the individual and the society (Article 4.1) (AU)

Patients' rights in physicians' practice during Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Romania.

BACKGROUND: Although the Covid-19 epidemic challenged existing medical care norms and practices, it was no excuse for unlawful conduct. On the contrary, legal compliance proved essential in fighting the pandemic. Within the European legal framework for the pandemic, patients were still entitled to be treated equally, by a specialized physician, with the possibility of seeking a second medical opinion, in a confidential setting, following prior and informed consent. This study examines physicians' practices regarding patients' rights during the Covid-19 pandemic and the effects of age, experience, and specialty on physicians' behavior and preferences. Additionally, it explores the nexus of malpractice complaints, malpractice fear, and legal compliance. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of attending physicians and general practitioners to assess compliance with patients' rights regulations. Respondents were physicians practicing in private and public settings in Southwestern Romania from July 2021 to May 2022. RESULTS: 396 attending physicians and 109 general practitioners participated in the research. Attending physicians acknowledged patients' rights in 55.7% of statements, while general practitioners showed a slightly higher level of compliance at 59.9%. Emergency and Anesthesia and Intensive Care physicians showed the lowest compliance. There were no significant behavioral differences based on physicians' age, years in practice, work sector, or location. However, when faced with the question of prioritizing treatment for patients with similar medical conditions, 46.2% of attending physicians reported favoring the younger patients. This preference was common among physicians under 39. Additionally, over half of the attending physicians reported working outside their area of expertise due to staff shortages. Malpractice fear was high among physicians, although unrelated to patients' claims, legal compliance, or working outside the scope of practice. It resulted in pressure and behavioral changes. CONCLUSION: Adherence to patients' rights was low during the Covid-19 pandemic. Physicians could benefit from educational and administrative support to ensure better legal compliance. Further research is needed to determine if this behavior persists beyond the pandemic context.